test
 

Shibano T et al / Acta Pharmacol Sin 2003 Nov; 24 (11): 1070-1076

Original Research

Low molecular weight G-proteins of rho-family mediate relaxations to bradykinin in porcine coronary arteries1

Toshiro SHIBANO2, Paul M VANHOUTTE3

Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA 3Department of Pharmacology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

1 This study was supported in part by NIH grant HL31547.

2 Now in Daiichi Seiyaku Co Ltd Reserch Institute, Tokyo, Japan.

3 Now in Department of Pharmacology, University of Hong Kong and Service de Pharmacologie.

3 Correspondence to Prof Paul M VANHOUTTE. E-mail vanhoutte.hku@hku.hk

Received 2002-09-11 Accepted 2003-06-20

KEY WORDS bradykinin; endothelium; GTP-binding proteins; nitric oxide

ABSTRACT

AIM: To determine whether or not low molecular G-proteins are involved in the endothelium-dependent relaxations to bradykinin. METHODS: The effects of botulinum ADP-ribosyltranferase C3 were studied in porcine coronary arteries and endothelial cells. RESULTS: Incubation of membrane fractions isolated from endothelial cells with the enzyme and 32P-NAD resulted in the ribosylation of the proteins with molecular weight of 24-25 kDa. Radio labelling of these proteins was suppressed in the presence of guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP-S), a hydrolysis-resistant analog of GTP. In the isolated arteries, ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 attenuated the relaxations to bradykinin during contractions with prostaglandin F2 in the presence of tween 80 (non ionic detergent), but not in the absence of tween 80. CONCLUSION: Low molecular weight G-proteins of the Rho family contribute to the mechanism of relaxation induced by bradykinin.

INTRODUCTION

In the porcine coronary artery, 5-hydroxy-tryptamine and norepinephrine cause endothelium-dependent, pertussis toxin-sensitive relaxations by activating 5-HT1D and 2-adrenoceptors, respectively, on endothelial cells[1-9]. In the same preparation, bradykinin elicits an endothelium-dependent relaxation, mediated by B2-kinin receptors, which consists of two components, one sensitive and one insentitive to inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase[10-15]. In coronary arteries covered with endothelial cells, that have regenerated after balloon denudation, responses mediated by Gi-proteins are reduced markedly, while that to bradykinin is preserved[3,4,7,8,16,17]. In contrast to 5-hydroxytryptamine and norephinephrine, the relaxations to bradykinin are relatively insensitive to pertussis toxin, which inhibits Gi-protein-coupled responses[1,3,4,18,19]. Indeed, bradykinin receptors are coupled to both Gi and Gq families of G-proteins in endothelial cells, with the latter predominating[1,3,4,18-21]. The release of nitric oxide evoked by bradykinin is not prevented by cholera toxin[22]. Endo-thelial cells express the Rho/Rho-kinase system[23-25] which contributes to various cellular functions[26-31]. In cultured endothelial cells, the activation of the phospho-inositol turnover evoked by bradykinin is inhibited by botulinum toxin (C2+C3 components), but not by pertussis toxin[9,32,33]. Botulinum ADP-ribosyl-transferase C3, produced by certain strains of clostri-dium botulinum type C and D, specifically inactivates the low molecular weight G-proteins RhoA/ Cdc42/Racl, which are not ADP-ribosylated by either pertussis toxin or cholera toxin[27,34-36]. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of botulinum ADP-ribosyl-transferase C3 on the endothelium-dependent relaxations to bradykinin in porcine coronary arteries, to determine the role of low molecular weight G-proteins of the Rho family, in the response.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Modification of GTP-binding proteins by ADP ribosyltransferase C3 Coronary arteries were removed from porcine hearts obtained from a slaughterhouse. The arteries were opened longitudinally and rinsed with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution. Endothelial cells were harvested by scraping the intimal surface of the arteries with a scalpel blade[7]. The endothelial cells were collected in control solution and washed by centrifugation. After sonication at 4 ºC for 30 min (Artek, sonic dismembrator, model 300), homogenates were centrifuged at 13 600×g for 10 min, and the pellet was resuspended in Tris-HCl 10 mmol/L pH 7.6 containing edetic acid 1 mmol/L and 27 % sucrose (crude membrane fractions). The absence of contamination of the endothelial cells with smooth muscle cells was confirmed using a monoclonal antibody against -smooth muscle actin and a Western blotting procedures followed by autoradiography. Freshly isolated porcine coronary artery smooth muscle cells were used as positive controls. The ADP-ribosylation reaction mixture (30 µL) contained Tris 50 mmol/L pH 7.5, edetic acid 0.1 mmol/L, thymidine 10 mmol/L, ATP 0.5 mmol/L, MgCl2 2 mmol/L, ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 5 ng/L, 32P-NAD (2×106 cpm) 1 mmol/L, and 10 mg proteins of crude membrane fractions. The membrane fractions were incubated at 37 ºC for 60 min in the presence or absence of ADP-ribosyltransferase C3, and in the presence of the enzyme and GTPS (0.1 mol/L). Then, the membranes were washed in 1 mL of Tris-HCl 50 mmol/L (pH 7.5)/NaCl 0.1 mol/L. Laemmli's sample buffer (50 µL) containing 9 % -mercapto-ethanol, unlabeled NAD 4 mmol/L and 0.1 % bovin serum albumin was added to the pellet. The ADP-ribosylated proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE (12.5 % acrylamide/bis-acrylamide). Gels were stained with Coomassie blue prior to autoradiography using Kodak X-Omat film.

Organ chamber studies Left anterior descending coronary arteries were rinsed in modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution [composition in mmol/L: NaCl 118.3; KCl 4.7; CaCl2 2.5; MgSO4 1.2; KH2PO4 1.2; NaHCO3 25; glucose 11.1; calcium-edetic acid 0.026 (control solution)], and then cut into rings (4-5 mm in length). The rings were suspended in organ chambers filled with control solution (aerated with 95 % O2 and 5 % CO2; pH 7.4, maintained at 37 ºC). Isometric force was measured by strain-gauge transducers (Statham UC2, Los Angeles, CA). The rings were stretched to the optimal point of their active length-tension curve (6 to 8 g). After one hour of equilibration, the rings were contracted with prostaglandin F2 (2 µmol/L), and responses to bradykinin (1×10-10-3×10-8 mol/L) were obtained to confirm the presence of functional endothelium-dependent relaxations to the peptide. All experiments were performed in the presence of indomethacin (10 µmol/L) to prevent the formation of vasoactive prostanoids.

Protocol of experiment 1 (effects of pertussis toxin on the relaxation to bradykinin) Rings were incubated in the absence or presence of pertussis toxin (0.1 ng/L) for 90 min[4,7]. Thereafter, rings were contracted with prostaglandin F2 (2 µmol/L), and responses to cumulatively increasing concentrations of bradykinin (1×10-10-3×10-8 mol/L) were determined.

Protocol of experiment 2 (effects of ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 in control solution) The rings were divided into four groups. They were incubated in (a) control solution, (b) in the presence of ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 (0.5 ng/L); (c) in the presence of nitro-L-arginine (an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; 30 µmol/L[37], and (d) in the presence of ADP-ribosyl-transferase C3 and nitro-L-arginine. After incubation for 90 min, responses to bradykinin [during contractions evoked by prostaglandin F2 (2 µmol/L)], were determined.

Protocol of experiment 3 (effects of ADP-ribosyl-transferase C3 in the presence of tween 80) The rings were divided into five groups. In one group (a), the rings were incubated in control solution. In the other four groups (b, c, d, e), tween 80 (non-ionic detergent, 0.1 %) was added to the organ chambers to permeabilize plasma membranes to ADP-ribosyltrans-ferase C3[33,35], (b) control solution, (c) in the presence of ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 (0.5 ng/L), (d) in the presence of nitro-L-arginine (30 µmol/L), and (e) in the presence of ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 and nitro-L-arginine. After incubation for 90 min, responses to bradykinin (during contractions evoked by prostaglandin F2), were determined.

Materials Adenosine 5'-triphosphate sodium salt (ATP), bovine serum albumin, bradykinin, -nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), indomethacin, pertussis toxin, mononclonal antibody against -smooth muscle actin, and thymidine were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co (St Louis, MO); ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 (porcine brain) from Calbiochem (La Jolla, CA); nitro-L-arginine, tween 80 from Aldrich Chemical Co (Milwaukee, WIS); 125I-mouse Ig from Amersham (Arlington Heights, IL); reagents from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were from BioRad (Richmond, CA); and prostaglandin F2 from Upjohn (Kalamazoo, MI); 32P-NAD, which was synthesized and provided by The Diabetes Center of Baylor College of Medicine, was a gift from Dr Juan Codina.

Statistical analysis Results in organ chamber studies are shown as mean±SEM, and n refers to the number of animals from which coronary rings were obtained. Relaxations are expressed as percentage of the initial contractions to prostaglandin F2. Statistical comparisons were performed by means of Student's t-test for paired comparison and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Scheffe's test when more than two groups were compared. P values of less than 0.05 were considered to indicate statistically significant differences between groups.

RESULTS

ADP-ribosylation of G-proteins Western blotting using a monoclonal antibody against -smooth muscle actin revealed bands around 42-45 kDa in the smooth muscle preparations, but no band was detected in membrane fractions obtained from endothelial cells (Fig 1). The assay of ADP-ribosylation of G-proteins following the incubation of the crude membrane fractions of endothelial cells with ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 and 32P-NAD on SDS-PAGE revealed a band around 24-25 kDa (Fig 2). In the absence of ADP-ribosyltrans-ferase C3, the band was not detected. Treatment of the fractions with GTPS (0.1 mol/L) reduced the intensity of the 24-25 kDa band (Fig 2).

Fig 1. Western blots of homogenates of endothelial and smooth muscle cells obtained from porcine coronary arteries. Samples separated on SDS-PAGE (10 % gel), were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, and labeled with an antibody against -smooth muscle actin. The labeled proteins were detected by antibody against 125I-Ig followed by autoradiography. Lane 1: endothelial cells, Lane 2: smooth muscle cells. The apparent molecular weight is indicated.

Fig 2. ADP-ribosylation of crude membrane fractions obtained from porcine coronary endothelium. Membrane fractions were incubated with the reaction mixture in the absence (Lane 1) or presence (Lane 2) of ADP-ribosyltrans-ferase C3 (0.5 ng/L). Each sample was electrophoresed on a 12.5 % SDS-polyacrylamide gel followed by autoradiograph. GTPS (0.1 mol/L) abolished the intensity of the 24-25 kDa band (Lane 3). The apparent molecular weight is indicated by the arrow.

Organ chamber studies There was no significant difference between groups in contractions to pros taglandin F2. Bradykinin caused concentration-dependent, nitro-L-arginine-sensitive relaxations. Pertussis toxin did not affect the relaxations to bradykinin (Tab 1). ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 did not alter the resting tension of the rings (data not shown) and the relaxations to bradykinin (Fig 3). Nitro-L-arginine inhibited partially the relaxations to bradykinin, and the inhibition was not affected by ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 (Fig 3). Tween 80 did not alter resting tension or contractions to prostaglandin F2 (control, 19.0±2.9 g; tween 80, 16.4±2.2 g; tween 80 and ADP-ribosyltrans-ferase C3, 17.8±3.7 g; tween 80 and nitro-L-arginine, 20.0±4.4 g; tween 80, ADP-ribosyltransferase C3, and nitro-L-arginne, 17.0±2.6 g. n=6). Tween 80 did not affect the relaxations to bradykinin (Fig 4). The incubation of rings with ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 or nitro-L-arginine inhibited the relaxations to bradykinin in the presence of tween 80 (Fig 4). The inhibition of relaxations to bradykinin was significantly more pronounced with nitro-L-arginine than ADP-ribosyltrans-ferase C3. The combined effect of ADP-ribosyltrans-ferase C3 was the same as that of nitro-L-arginine alone.

Tab 1. Relaxations of porcine coronary arteries to bradykinin. Mean±SEM. bP<0.05 vs control. eP<0.05 vs Tween 80.

IC50, effective concentration of bradykinin causing 50 % inhibition of the contractions to prostaglandin F2(2 µmol/L). Maximal relaxation: maximal relaxation in percentage of the contraction evoked by prostaglandin F2 (2 µmol/L). ND, IC50 values were not determined since the relaxations of some rings in the groups were less than 50 %.

Fig 3. Effects of ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 on the relaxations to bradykinin in rings of porcine coronary arteries during contractions to prostaglandin F2 (2 µmol/L) in control solution. ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 (0.5 ng/L) did not alter the relaxations evoked by bradykinin in the absence and presence of nitro-L-arginine (NLA 30 µmol/L). n=4. Mean±SEM. bP<0.05 vs control.

Fig 4. Effects of ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 on the relaxations to bradykinin in rings of porcine coronary arteries during contractions to prostaglandin F2 (2 µmol/L) in the presence of tween 80. ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 (0.5 ng/L) did not affect the inhibitory effect of nitro-L-arginine (NLA 30 µmol/L) on the relaxation to bradykinin. The rings were incubated with pertussis toxin (0.1 ng/L) for 90 min. n=6. Mean±SEM. bP<0.05 vs tween 80.

DISCUSSION

Botulinum ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 selectively modifies low molecular (around 21-26 kDa) G-proteins of the Rho-family[23,25,27,33-35,38]. The molecular weight of the proteins (24-25 kDa) identified by SDS/autoradiography in the present studies were similar to those described in human umbilical vein endothelial cells[1]. The ADP-ribosylation of G-proteins catalysed by ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 is dependent on the concentration of Mg2+, and modified by guanine nucleotides[34]. GTPS, a stable GTP analog, inhibits ADP-ribosylation in the presence of Mg2+, and enhances the reaction in the absence of divalent cations[34]. In the present study, incubation of membrane fractions with GTPS in the presence of Mg2+ 2 mmol/L dimin ished the intensity of the band around 24-25 kDa. This indicates that the detected band is related to GTP-binding proteins in the native endothelial cells obtained from porcine coronary arteries.

The present study demonstrated that ADP-ribosylation of low molecular weight G-proteins inhibited the relaxations to bradykinin in the porcine coronary artery. The process was dependent on the activity of ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 and permeability of membranes by tween 80. Indeed, ADP-ribosyltrans-ferase C3 did not affect the relaxations evoked by bradykinin in the absence of tween 80. There was no impairment of signal transduction at the concentration of tween 80 used. Although theoretically tween 80 may alter the responsiveness of coronary arteries, the detergent did not significantly affect contractions to prostaglandin F2 and relaxations to bradykinin in the present study. ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 might affect the relaxations to bradykinin due to a direct action on the smooth muscle cells in coronary arteries. However, this is an unlikely explanation since the enzyme did not alter the endothelium-dependent, nitro-L-arginine-sensitive relaxations evoked by 5-hydroxytryptamine in the same preparation (data not shown). Endothelium-dependent relaxations elicited by bradykinin in the porcine coronary artery are mediated by two components which are either sensitive or insensitive to inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase[12-14]. In porcine aortic endothelial cells, activation of kinin B2 receptors, mediating relaxation to bradykinin, release nitric oxide[39,40]. The insensitive component to the inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase presumably is related to the release of endotheliumderived hyperpolarizing factor[10,13,14]. Since ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 did not show further inhibition of the relaxations to bradykinin in the presence of nitro-L-arginine, the enzyme may act on the component of the response which is sensitive to the inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase but not that responsible for endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations[8,17]. A comparable conclusion has been reached in the case of alpha2adrenergic activation in rabbit resistance arteries[41] . In contrast to ADP-ribosyltransferase C3, pertussis toxin, which inhibits Gi/Go-protein-coupled response, had no effect on the relaxations to bradykinin in confirmation of earlier observations[1,3,4].

Bradykinin stimulates phosphatidylinositol turnover and elevates inositoltriphosphate levels in porcine aortic endothelial cells[32]. The stimulation of phospholipase C by bradykinin is not inhibited by pertussis toxin or cholera toxin[32,42]. However, the stimulation is mediated by G-proteins since the responses are sensitive to GTP and analogs of the nucleotide[42,43]. Low molecular GTP binding proteins (24 kDa) may regulate phospholipase C-coupled inositol lipid metabolism caused by bradykinin[44]. Furthermore, botulinum toxin (C2 and C3 components) inhibits phosphoinositide turnover elicited by bradykinin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells[33]. Thus, low molecular G-proteins are likely to be important mediators of the responses to bradykinin. The data presented here are consistent with a role for low molecular G-proteins in the release of nitric oxide by bradykinin, and the endothelium-dependent relaxation of the porcine coronary artery, evoked by the peptide.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are grateful to the late Timothy Scott-Burden and to Dr Mark Millan for helpful discussion, to Mr Dewayne Coney for technical assistance and to Ms Marie Palumbo for editorial assistance.

REFERENCES

  • 1 Flavahan NA, Shimokawa H, Vanhoutte PM. Pertussis toxin inhibits endothelium-dependent relaxations to certain agonists in porcine coronary arteries. J Physiol 1989; 408: 549-60.
  • 2 Schoeffter P, Hoyer D. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation of pig coronary arteries is mediated by 5-HT receptors similar to the 5-HT1D receptor subtype. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989; 252: 581-5.
  • 3 Shimokawa H, Flavahan NA, Vanhoutte PM. Natural course of the impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxations after balloon endothelium-removal in porcine coronary arteries. Circ Res 1989; 65: 740-53.
  • 4 Shimokawa H, Flavahan NA, Vanhoutte PM. Loss of endothelial pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein function in atherosclerotic porcine coronary arteries. Circulation 1991; 83: 652-60.
  • 5 Flavahan NA, Vanhoutte PM. G-protein and endothelial responses. Blood Vessels 1990; 27: 218-29.
  • 6 Flavahan N, Vanhoutte PM. Endothelial cell signaling and endothelial dysfunction. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8: 28S-41S.
  • 7 Shibano T, Codina J, Birnbaumer L, Vanhoutte PM. Guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) causes endothelium-dependent, pertussis toxin-sensitive relaxations in porcine coronary arteries. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1992; 189: 324-9.
  • 8 Borg-Capra C, Fournet-Bourguignon MP, Janiak P, Villeneuve N, Bidouard JP, Vilaine JP, et al. Morphological heterogeneity with normal expression but altered function of G proteins in cultured regenerated porcine coronary endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 122: 999-1008.
  • 9 Boulanger CM, Vanhoutte PM. G-proteins and endothelium-dependent relaxations. J Vasc Res 1997; 34: 175 - 85.
  • 10 Beny JL, Brunet PD. Neither nitric oxide nor nitroglycerin accounts for all the characteristics of endothelially mediated vasodilatation of pig coronary arteries. Vasc Blood Vessels 1988; 25: 308-11.
  • 11 Tschudi M, Richard V, Buhler FR, Lüscher TF. Importance of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in porcine coronary resistance arteries. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: H13-20.
  • 12 Cowan CL, Cohen RA. Two mechanisms mediate relaxation by bradykinin of pig coronary artery: NO-dependent and -independent responses. Am J Physiol 1991; 261: H830-5.
  • 13 Mombouli JV, Illiano S, Nagao T, Scott-Burden T, Vanhoutte PM. Potentiation of endothelium-dependent relaxations to bradykinin by angiotenin I converting enzyme inhibitors in canine coronary artery involves both endothelium-derived relaxing and hyperpolarizing factors. Circ Res 1992; 71: 137-44.
  • 14 Nagao T, Vanhoutte PM. Hyperpolarization as a mechanism for endothelium-dependent relaxations in the porcine coronary artery. J Physiol 1992; 445: 334-67.
  • 15 Busse R, Edwards G, Félétou M, Fleming I, Vanhoutte PM. EDHF: Bringing the concepts together. Trends in Pharmacol Sci 2002; 23: 374-80.
  • 16 Shibano T, Codina J, Birnbaumer L, Vanhoutte PM. Pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins in regenerated endothelial cells after balloon denudation of porcine coronary artery. Am J Physiol 1994; 267: H979-81.
  • 17 Thollon C, Bidouard JP, Cambarrat C, Delescluse I, Villeneuve N, Vanhoutte PM, et al. Alteration of endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations in porcine coronary arteries with regenerated endothelium. Circ Res 1999; 84: 371-7.
  • 18 Liao JK, Homcy CJ. The release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor via 2-adrenergic receptor activation is specifically mediated by Gi 2. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 19528-33.
  • 19 Liao JK, Homcy C. The G proteins of the Ga1 and Gaq family couple the bradykinin receptor to the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. J Clin Invest 1993; 92:2168-72.
  • 20 Fábián G, Szabó CA, Bozó B, Greenwood J, Adamson P, Deli MA, et al. Expression of G-protein subtypes in culture cerebral endothelial cells. Neurochem Int 1998; 33: 179-85.
  • 21 Marletta MA. Another activation switch for endothelial nitric oxide synthase: why does it have to be so complicated ? Trends Biochem Sci 2001; 26: 519-21.
  • 22 Boulanger CM, Vanhoutte PM. Cholera toxin augments the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor evoked by bradykinin and the calcium ionophore A23187. Gen Pharmacol 1992 ; 23: 27-31.
  • 23 Seasholtz TM, Majumdar M, Brown JH. Rho as a mediator of G protein-coupled receptor signalling. Mol Pharmacol 1999; 55: 949-56.
  • 24 Shimokawa H. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of coronary artery spasm. Lessons from animal models. Jpn Circ J 2000 ; 64: 1-12.
  • 25 Somlyo AP, Somlyo AV. Signal transduction by G-proteins, Rho-kinase and protein phosphatase to smooth muscle and non-muscle myosin II. J Physiol 2000; 522: 177-85.
  • 26 Carbajal JM, Gratrix ML, Yu CH, Schaeffer RC Jr. ROCK mediates thrombin's endothelial barrier dysfunction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2000; 279: C195-204.
  • 27 Hippenstiel S, Soeth S, Kellas B, Fuhrmann O, Seybold J, Krüll M, et al. Rho proteins and the p38-MAPK pathway are important mediators for LPS-induced interleukin-8 expression in human endothelial cells. Blood 2000 ; 95: 3044-51.
  • 28 Nilius B, Prenen J, Walsh P, Carton I, Bollen M, Droogmans G, et al. Myosin light chain phosporylation-dependent modulation of volume-regulated anion channels in macrovascular endothelium. FEBS Lett 2000; 466: 346-50.
  • 29 Uchida S, Watanabe G, Shimada Y, Maeda M, Kawabe A, Mori A, et al. The suppression of small GTPase Rho signal transduction pathway inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 269: 633-40.
  • 30 Carton I, Trouet D, Hermans D, Barth H, Aktories K, Droogmans G, et al. RhoA exerts a permissive effect on volume-regulated anion channels in vascular endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2002; 283: C115-25.
  • 31 Takemoto M, Sun J, Hiroki J, Shimokawa H, Liao JK.Rho-kinase mediates hypoxia-induced downregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation 2002; 106: 57-62.
  • 32 Lambert TL, Kent RS, Whorton RA. Bradykinin stimulation of inositol polyphosphate production in porcine aortic endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 15288-93.
  • 33 Voyno-Yasenetskaya TA, Tkachuyk VA, Cheknyova EG, Panchenko MP, Grigorian GY, Vavrek RJ, et al. Guanidine nucleotide-dependent, pertussis toxin-insensitive regulation of phosphoinositide turnover by bradykinin in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. FASEB J 1999; 3: 44-51.
  • 34 Aktories K, Rösener S, Blaschke U, Chhatwal G. Botulinum ADP-ribosyltransferase C3. Purification of the enzyme and characterization of the ADP-ribosylation reaction in platelet membranes. Eur J Biochem 1988; 172: 445-50.
  • 35 Rubin EJ, Gill DM, Boquet P, Popoff MR. Functional modification of a 21- kilodalton G protein when ADP-ribosylated by exoenzyme C3 of clostridium botulinum. Mol Cell Biol 1988; 8: 418-26.
  • 36 Yamamoto K, Tanimoto T, Kim S, Kikuchi A, Takai Y. Small molecular weight GTP-binding proteins and signal transduction. Clin Chim Acta 1989; 185: 347-56.
  • 37 Ishii K, Chang B, Kerwin JF, Huang ZJ, Murad F. Nw-nitro-L-arginine: a potent inhibitor of endothelium-derived relaxing factor formation. Eur J Pharmacol 1990; 176: 219-23.
  • 38 Mori N, Sekine A, Ohashi Y, Nakao K, Imura H, Fujiwara M, Narumiya S. Purification and properties of the cytosolic substrate for botulinum ADP-ribosyltransferase. J Biol Chem 1988; 263: 12420-6.
  • 39 Palmer RMJ, Ferrige AG, Moncada S. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature 1987; 327: 524-6.
  • 40 Schoeffter P, Hoyer D. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-inducedendothelium-dependent relaxation of pig coronary arteries is mediated by 5-HT receptors similar to the 5-HT1D receptor subtype. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990; 252: 387-95.
  • 41 Véquaud P, Thorin E. Endothelial G protein -subunits trigger nitric oxide-but not endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor-dependent dilation in rabbit resistance arteries. Circ Res 2001; 89: 716-22.
  • 42 Perney T, Miller RJ. Two different G-proteins mediate neuropeptide Y and bradykinin-stimulated phospholipid breakdown in cultured rat sensory neurons. J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 7317-27.
  • 43 Etscheid BG, Villereal ML. Coupling of bradykinin receptors to phospholipase C in cultured fibrobalsts is mediated by a G-protein. J Cell Physiol 1989; 140: 264-71.
  • 44 McAtee P, Dawson G. Phospholipase C activity in NCB-20 cells is inhibited by protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of low molecular mass GTP-binding proteins. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 6788-93.